Citations for Chemical Breakthrough Awards
All Awardees Sorted by Name of Award Winner
* Multiple simultaneous independent discoveries.
Additional supporting information on each award can be found at these individual award year tables.
| Year of Award | Name Sort Field | Scientists/Inventors | Breakthrough Publication | Location of Award |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Adams | R. Adams (Senior Editor) | First volume of Organic Reactions, John Wiley, 1942 | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |
| 2021 | Akutagawa | R. Noyori, T. Ohkuma, M. Kitamura, H. Takaya, N. Sayo, H. Kumobayashi, and S. Akutagawa |
“Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β-Keto Carboxylic Esters. A Practical, Purely Chemical Access to β-Hydroxy Esters in High Enantiomeric Purity,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109(10), 5856 - 5858. |
Nagoya University Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan Takasago International Corporation |
| 2011 | Alder | O. Diels and K. Alder | “Synthesen in der hydroaromatischen Reihe,” Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, 1928, 460, 98 - 122. |
Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel |
| 2019 | American Chemical Society | American Chemical Society | Chemical Abstracts (Volume 1 was published in 1907). | Chemical Abstracts Service, Columbus, Ohio |
| 2016 | Anderson | E. C. Anderson, W. F. Libby, S. Weinhouse, A. F. Reid, A. D. Kirshenbaum, and A. Grosse | “Radiocarbon from Cosmic Radiation,” Science 1947, 105, 576-577. | The University of Chicago |
| 2009 | Anfinsen | M. Sela, F. H. White, Jr., and C. B. Anfinsen |
“Reductive Cleavage of Disulfide Bridges in Ribonuclease,” Science 1957, 125, 691-692. |
National Institutes of Health |
| 2018 | Arrhenius | S. Arrhenius | “Über die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit bei der Inversion von Rohrzucker durch Säuren,” Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie 1889, 4, 226-248. | Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University |
| 2018 | Aston | F. W. Aston | “A Positive Ray Spectrograph,” The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 1919, 38, 707-714. | The Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University |
| 2013 | Avery | O. T. Avery, C. M. MacLeod, and M. McCarty | “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumoccal Types,” Proceedings of the Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1944, 79, 137-159. |
The Rockefeller University |
| 2011 | Avogadro | A. Avogadro | “D'UNE MANIÈRE DE DÈTERMINER LES MASSES RELATIVES DES MOLÉCULES ÉLÉMENTAIRES DES CORPS, ET LES PROPORTIONS SELON LESQUELLES ELLES ENTRENT DANS CES COMBINAISONS,” Journal de Physique, 1811, 73, 58 - 76. |
Liceo Scientifico “A. Avogadro” Vercelli |
| 2018 | Barkemeyer | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2014 | Bartlett | N. Bartlett | “Xenon Hexafluoroplatinate(V) Xe+[PtF6]-,” Proceedings of the Chemical Society, 1962, 6, 218. |
The University of British Columbia |
| 2007 | Barton | D. H. R. Barton | “The Conformation of the Steroid Nucelus,” Experientia, 1950, 6, 316-320. |
Harvard University |
| 2006 | Beckman | A. O. Beckman and Henry E. Fracker | “Apparatus for Testing Acidity” U.S. Patent 2,058,761 (27 October 1936), assignors to National Technical Laboratories, Pasadena, CA. |
Beckman Coulter |
| 2015 | Bémont | P. Curie, M. Curie, and G. Bémont | “Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radioactive, contenue dans la pechblende,” Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 1898 (26 December), vol. 127, pp. 1215-1217. | ESPCI ParisTech (officially the école supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris; The City of Paris Industrial Physics and Chemistry Higher Educational Institution) |
| 2015 | Berthollet | Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Claude-Louis Berthollet, and Antoine-François de Fourcroy | “Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique,” chez Cuchet (sous le Privilège de l'Académie des Nomenclature Chimique), Paris, France, 1787. | Académie des Sciences (Paris) |
| 2008 | Binnig | G. Binnig and H. Rohrer | “Scanning Tunneling Microscope,” U.S. Patent 4,343,993 (10 August 1982), assignors to International Business Machines Corporation. |
IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland |
| 2017 | Branson | Linus Pauling, Robert B. Corey, and H.R. Branson | “The Structure of Proteins: Two Hydrogen-Bonded Helical Configurations of the Polypeptide Chain,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 1951, 37, 205-2011 | California Institute of Technology |
| 2007 | Brickwedde | H. C. Urey, F. G. Brickwedde, and G. M. Murphy | “A Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2,” Phys. Rev. 1932, 39, 164-165. |
Columbia University and National Bureau of Standards |
| 2023 | Brönsted | J. N. Brönsted | “Einige Bemerkungen über den Begriff der Säuren und Basen,” Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 1923, 42, 718 - 728. | University of Copenhagen, Denmark |
| 2008 | Brown | H. C. Brown and B. C. S. Rao | “A New Technique for the Conversion of Olefins into Organoboranes and Related Alcohols,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 5694-5695. |
Purdue University |
| 2015 | Bunn | D. Crowfoot, C. W. Bunn, B. W. Rogers-Low, A. Turner Jones | “The X-ray Crystallographic Investigation of the Structure of Penicillin,” in H.T. Clarke, J.R. Johnson, R. Robinson (editors), Chemistry of Penicillin, Princeton University Press, Chapter XI, pp. 310-366, 1949. | Oxford University |
| 2011 | Cannizzaro | S. Cannizzaro | “Lettera del Prof. Stanislao Cannizzaro,” Nuovo Cimento, 1858, 7, 321-366. |
Università degli Studi di Genova |
| 2007 | Carlsmith | J. D. Roberts, H. E. Simmons, Jr., L. A. Carlsmith, and C. W. Vaughn | “Rearrangement in the Reaction of Chlorobenzene-1-C14 with Potassium Amide,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 3290-3291. |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| 2022 | Chiang | Hideki Shirakawa, Edwin J. Louis, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Chwan K. Chiang, and Alan J. Heeger | “Synthesis of Electrically Conducting Organic Polymers: Halogen Derivatives of Polyacetylene (CH)x,” J. Chem. Soc., Chemical Communications 1977, 578 - 580. | University of Pennsylvania |
| 2006 | Conn, E. C. | H. F. Fisher, E. C. Conn, B. Vennesland, and F. H. Westheimer | “The Enzymatic Transfer of Hydrogen. I. The Reaction Catalyzed by Alcohol Dehydrogenase” J. Biol. Chem. 1953, 202, 687-697. |
The University of Chicago |
| 2018 | Conn, J. B. | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2017 | Corey | Linus Pauling, Robert B. Corey, and H.R. Branson | “The Structure of Proteins: Two Hydrogen-Bonded Helical Configurations of the Polypeptide Chain,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 1951, 37, 205-2011 | California Institute of Technology |
| 2016 | Coulson | F. Sanger, S. Nicklen, A. R. Coulson | “DNA Sequencing with Chain-Terminating Inhibitors,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 1977, 74, 5463-5467. | Medical Research Council, Cambridge, England |
| 2007 | Crick | J. D. Watson and F. H. Crick | “Molecular Structure Of Nucleic Acids, A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid,” Nature, 1953, 171, 737-738. |
Medical Research Council, Cambridge |
| 2015 | Crowfoot | D. Crowfoot, C. W. Bunn, B. W. Rogers-Low, A. Turner Jones | “The X-ray Crystallographic Investigation of the Structure of Penicillin,” in H.T. Clarke, J.R. Johnson, R. Robinson (editors), Chemistry of Penicillin, Princeton University Press, Chapter XI, pp. 310-366, 1949. | Oxford University |
| 2015 | Curie, M. | P. Curie, M. Curie, and G. Bémont | “Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radioactive, contenue dans la pechblende,” Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 1898 (26 December), vol. 127, pp. 1215-1217. | ESPCI ParisTech (officially the école supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris; The City of Paris Industrial Physics and Chemistry Higher Educational Institution) |
| 2015 | Curie, P. | P. Curie, M. Curie, and G. Bémont | “Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radioactive, contenue dans la pechblende,” Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 1898 (26 December), vol. 127, pp. 1215-1217. | ESPCI ParisTech (officially the école supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris; The City of Paris Industrial Physics and Chemistry Higher Educational Institution) |
| 2015 | Curl | H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley | “C60: Buckminsterfullerene,” Nature 1985, 318, 162-163. | Rice University |
| 2018 | Deak | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2018 | Denkewalter | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2018 | Dewey | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2018 | Dickinson | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2011 | Diels | O. Diels and K. Alder | “Synthesen in der hydroaromatischen Reihe,” Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, 1928, 460, 98 - 122. |
Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel |
| 2017 | Erlich | R. K. Saiki, K. B. Mullis, H. A. Erlich | “Enzymatic Amplification of β-globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia,” Science 1985, 230, 1350-1354 | Cetus Corporation sold to Chiron Corporation in 1991. Chiron was acquired by Novartis International in 2006. |
| 2019 | Evans | M. G. Evans and M. Polanyi | “Some Applications of the Transition State Method to the Calculation of Reaction Velocities, Especially in Solution,” Trans. Faraday Soc. 1935, 31, 875-894. | University of Manchester * |
| 2019 | Eyring | H. Eyring | “The Activated Complex in Chemical Reactions,”J. Chem. Phys. 1935, 3, 107-115. | Princeton University* |
| 2014 | Fischer, E. | E. Fischer | “Ueber die Configuration des Traubenzuckers und seiner Isomeren,” Chemische Berichte, 1891, 24, 1836-1845. |
University of Würzburg |
| 2018 | Fischer, E. | E. Fischer | “Proteïne und Polypeptide,” Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie 1907, 20, 913-917. | Humboldt Universität zu Berlin |
| 2006 | Fisher, H. F. | H. F. Fisher, E. C. Conn, B. Vennesland, and F. H. Westheimer | “The Enzymatic Transfer of Hydrogen. I. The Reaction Catalyzed by Alcohol Dehydrogenase” J. Biol. Chem. 1953, 202, 687-697. |
The University of Chicago |
| 2015 | Fourcroy | Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Claude-Louis Berthollet, and Antoine-François de Fourcroy | “Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique,” chez Cuchet (sous le Privilège de l'Académie des Nomenclature Chimique), Paris, France, 1787. | Académie des Sciences (Paris) |
| 2006 | Fracker | A. O. Beckman and H. E. Fracker | “Apparatus for Testing Acidity” U.S. Patent 2,058,761 (27 October 1936), assignors to National Technical Laboratories, Pasadena, CA. |
Beckman Coulter |
| 2015 | Frankland | E. Frankland | “On a New Series of Organic Bodies containing Metals,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1852, 142, 417-444. | The University of Manchester |
| 2023 | Frisch | L. Meitner and O. R. Frisch | “Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction,” Nature 1939, 143, 239 - 240. | The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden and the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark |
| 2021 | Fukui | Kenichi Fukui, Teijiro Yonezawa, and Haruo Shingu |
“A Molecular Orbital Theory of Reactivity in Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” The Journal of Chemical Physics 1952, 20, 722 - 725. |
Kyoto University |
| 2018 | Garsky | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2021 | Gibbs | J. Willard Gibbs | “On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances,” Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 1876, 3, 108 - 248; 1878, 3, 343 - 524. |
Yale University |
| 2017 | Gilbert | A. Maxam and W. Gilbert | “A new method for sequencing DNA,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 1977, 74, 560-564 | Harvard University |
| 2006 | Gomberg | M. Gomberg | “An Instance of Trivalent Carbon: Triphenylmethyl” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1900, 22, 757-771. | University of Michigan |
| 2010 | Grignard | V. Grignard | “Sur quelques nouvelles combinaisons organomètalliques du magnèsium et leur application à des synthèses d' alcools et a'hydrocarbures,” Comptes Rendus 1900, 130, 1322 - 1324. |
University of Lyon |
| 2016 | Grosse | E. C. Anderson, W. F. Libby, S. Weinhouse, A. F. Reid, A. D. Kirshenbaum, and A. Grosse | “Radiocarbon from Cosmic Radiation,” Science 1947, 105, 576-577. | The University of Chicago |
| 2016 | Gutowsky | H. Gutowsky, D. W. McCall, and C. P. Slichter | “Coupling among Nuclear Magnetic Dipoles in Molecules,” Physical Review, 1951, 84, 589-590. | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |
| 2019 | Haber | F. Haber and R. Le Rossignol | “Über die technische Darstellung von Ammoniak aus den Elementen [Technical Presentation on Ammonia from its Elements],” Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie, 1913, 19, 53-72. | Karlsruhe Institute of Technology |
| 2023 | Hahn | O. Hahn and F. Strassmann | “Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle,” Naturwissenschaften 1939, 27, 11 - 15. | Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany |
| 2008 | Hall | C. M. Hall | “Process of Reducing Aluminium by Electrolysis” US Patent 400,766 (April 2, 1889) | Oberlin College and Oberlin Heritage Center |
| 2015 | Heath | H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, RF. Curl, and R. E. Smalley | “C60: Buckminsterfullerene,” Nature 1985, 318, 162-163. | Rice University |
| 2022 | Heeger | Hideki Shirakawa, Edwin J. Louis, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Chwan K. Chiang, and Alan J. Heeger | “Synthesis of Electrically Conducting Organic Polymers: Halogen Derivatives of Polyacetylene (CH)x,” J. Chem. Soc., Chemical Communications 1977, 578 - 580. | University of Pennsylvania |
| 2010 | Henery-Logan | J. C. Sheehan and K. R. Henery-Logan | “The Total Synthesis of Penicillin V,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 1262 - 1263. |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| 2018 | Hirschmann | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2006 | Hoffmann | R. B. Woodward and R. Hoffmann | “Stereochemistry of Electrocyclic Reactions” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 395-397. |
Harvard University |
| 2018 | Holly | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2018 | Hückel | E. Hückel | “Quantentheoretische Beitrage zum Benzolproblem. I. Die Electronenenkonfiguration des benzols and verwandter verbindungen,” Zeitschrift für Physik 1931, 70, 204-286. |
University of Stuttgart |
| 2018 | Jacob | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2017 | James | A. T. James and A. J. P. Martin | “Gas-Liquid Chromatography: A Technique for the Analysis and Identification of Volatile Materials,” Brit. Med. Bulletin 1954, 10 (3), 170-176 | National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill which became the Francis Crick Institute in 2016 |
| 2008 | Jardine | J. A. Osborn, F. H. Jardine, J. F. Young and G. Wilkinson | “The preparation and properties of tris(triphenylphosphine)halogeno-rhodium(I) and some reactions thereof including catalytic homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins and acetylenes and their derivatives” J. Chem. Soc. (A) 1966, 1711-1732. | Imperial College London |
| 2018 | Jenkins | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2015 | Jones | D. Crowfoot, C. W. Bunn, B. W. Rogers-Low, A. Turner Jones | “The X-ray Crystallographic Investigation of the Structure of Penicillin,” in H.T. Clarke, J.R. Johnson, R. Robinson (editors), Chemistry of Penicillin, Princeton University Press, Chapter XI, pp. 310-366, 1949. | Oxford University |
| 2018 | Joshua | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2008 | Katsuki | T. Katsuki and K. B. Sharpless | “The First Practical Method for Asymmetric Epoxidation,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 5974-5976. |
Stanford University |
| 2018 | Kealy | T. J. Kealy and P. L. Pauson | “A New Type of Organo-Iron Compound,” Nature (London) 1951, 168, 1039-1040. | Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA |
| 2022 | Kekulé | Auguste Kekulé | “Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques,” Bulletin de la Société de Paris 1865, 3, 98 - 110. |
Ghent University |
| 2016 | Kirshenbaum | E. C. Anderson, W. F. Libby, S. Weinhouse, A. F. Reid, A. D. Kirshenbaum, and A. Grosse | “Radiocarbon from Cosmic Radiation,” Science 1947, 105, 576-577. | The University of Chicago |
| 2021 | Kitamura | R. Noyori, T. Ohkuma, M. Kitamura, H. Takaya, N. Sayo, H. Kumobayashi, and S. Akutagawa |
“Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β-Keto Carboxylic Esters. A Practical, Purely Chemical Access to β-Hydroxy Esters in High Enantiomeric Purity,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109(10), 5856 - 5858. |
Nagoya University Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan Takasago International Corporation |
| 2015 | Kroto | H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley | “C60: Buckminsterfullerene,” Nature 1985, 318, 162-163. | Rice University |
| 2021 | Kumobayashi | R. Noyori, T. Ohkuma, M. Kitamura, H. Takaya, N. Sayo, H. Kumobayashi, and S. Akutagawa |
“Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β-Keto Carboxylic Esters. A Practical, Purely Chemical Access to β-Hydroxy Esters in High Enantiomeric Purity,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109(10), 5856 - 5858. |
Nagoya University Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan Takasago International Corporation |
| 2018 | Lanza, Jr. | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2022 | Latimer | Wendell M. Latimer and Worth H. Rodebush | “Polarity and Ionization from the Standpoint of the Lewis Theory of Valence,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1920, 42, 1419 - 1433. | University of California, Berkeley |
| 2007 | Lauterbur | P. C. Lauterbur | “Image Formation by Induced Local Interactions: Examples Employing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,” Nature 1973, 242, 190-191. |
SUNY at Stony Brook |
| 2015 | Lavoisier | Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Claude-Louis Berthollet, and Antoine-François de Fourcroy | “Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique,” chez Cuchet (sous le Privilège de l'Académie des Nomenclature Chimique), Paris, France, 1787. | Académie des Sciences (Paris) |
| 2006 | Lawrence | E. O. Lawrence | “Method and Apparatus for the Acceleration of Ions” U.S. Patent 1,948,384 (20 February 1934), assignor to Research Corporation, New York, NY. |
University of California, Berkeley |
| 2022 | Le Bel | Joseph-Achille Le Bel | “Sur les relations qui existent entre les formules atomiques des corps organiques et le pouvoir rotatoire de leurs dissolutions,” Bulletin de la Société Chimique 1874, 22, 337 - 347. | Médecine de l'Université Paris-Cité |
| 2019 | Le Rossignol | F. Haber and R. Le Rossignol | “Über die technische Darstellung von Ammoniak aus den Elementen [Technical Presentation on Ammonia from its Elements],” Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie, 1913, 19, 53-72. | Karlsruhe Institute of Technology |
| 2022 | Letsinger | Robert L. Letsinger and V. Mahadevan | “Stepwise Synthesis of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides on an Insoluble Polymer Support,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 5319 - 5324. | Northwestern University |
| 2006 | Lewis | G. N. Lewis | “The Atom and the Molecule” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1916, 38, 762-785. | University of California, Berkeley |
| 2011 | Lewis | G. N. Lewis and M. Randall | “Thermodynamics and The Free Energy of Chemical Substances,” 1923. |
University of California, Berkeley |
| 2016 | Libby | E. C. Anderson, W. F. Libby, S. Weinhouse, A. F. Reid, A. D. Kirshenbaum, and A. Grosse | “Radiocarbon from Cosmic Radiation,” Science 1947, 105, 576-577. | The University of Chicago |
| 2022 | Louis | Hideki Shirakawa, Edwin J. Louis, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Chwan K. Chiang, and Alan J. Heeger | “Synthesis of Electrically Conducting Organic Polymers: Halogen Derivatives of Polyacetylene (CH)x,” J. Chem. Soc., Chemical Communications 1977, 578 - 580. | University of Pennsylvania |
| 2022 | MacDiarmid | Hideki Shirakawa, Edwin J. Louis, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Chwan K. Chiang, and Alan J. Heeger | “Synthesis of Electrically Conducting Organic Polymers: Halogen Derivatives of Polyacetylene (CH)x,” J. Chem. Soc., Chemical Communications 1977, 578 - 580. | University of Pennsylvania |
| 2013 | MacLeod | O. T. Avery, C. M. MacLeod, and M. McCarty | “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types,” Proceedings of the Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1944, 79, 137-159. |
The Rockefeller University |
| 2016 | McCall | H. Gutowsky, D. W. McCall, and C. P. Slichter | “Coupling among Nuclear Magnetic Dipoles in Molecules,” Physical Review, 1951, 84, 589-590. | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |
| 2013 | McCarty | O. T. Avery, C. M. MacLeod, and M. McCarty | “Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types,” Proceedings of the Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1944, 79, 137-159. |
The Rockefeller University |
| 2022 | Mahadevan | Robert L. Letsinger and V. Mahadevan | “Stepwise Synthesis of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides on an Insoluble Polymer Support,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 5319 - 5324. | Northwestern University |
| 2017 | Martin | A. T. James and A. J. P. Martin | “Gas-Liquid Chromatography: A Technique for the Analysis and Identification of Volatile Materials,” Brit. Med. Bulletin 1954, 10 (3), 170-176 | National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill which became the Francis Crick Institute in 2016 |
| 2017 | Maxam | A. Maxam and W. Gilbert | “A new method for sequencing DNA,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 1977, 74, 560-564 | Harvard University |
| 2023 | Meitner | L. Meitner and O. R. Frisch | “Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction,” Nature 1939, 143, 239 - 240. | The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden and the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark |
| 2012 | Mendelejeff | D. Mendelejeff | “Ueber die Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der elemente,” Zeitschrift für Chemie, 1869, 12, 405 - 406. |
Saint Petersburg State University |
| 2014 | Menten | L. Michaelis and M. L. Menten | “Die Kinetik der Invertinwirkung,” Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1913, 49, 333-369. |
Vivantes Klinikum Am Urban, Berlin |
| 2006 | Merrifield | B. Merrifield | “Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. I. The Synthesis of a Tetrapeptide” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 2149-2154. |
Rockefeller University |
| 2013 | Meselson | M. Messelson and F. W. Stahl | “The Replication of DNA in Escherichia Coli,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1958, 44, 671-682. |
California Institute of Technology |
| 2014 | Michaelis | L. Michaelis and M. L. Menten | “Die Kinetik der Invertinwirkung,” Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1913, 49, 333-369. |
Vivantes Klinikum Am Urban, Berlin |
| 2018 | Milkowski | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2009 | Miller | S. L. Miller | “A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions,” Science 1953, 117, 528-529. |
The University of Chicago |
| 2006 | Molina | M. J. Molina and F. S. Rowland | “Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone” Nature 1974, 249, 810-812. |
University of California, Irvine |
| 2015 | Morveau | Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, Claude-Louis Berthollet, and Antoine-François de Fourcroy | “Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique,” chez Cuchet (sous le Privilège de l'Académie des Nomenclature Chimique), Paris, France, 1787. | Académie des Sciences (Paris) |
| 2020 | Moseley | H. G. J. Moseley | “The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements,” The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements 1913, 26, 1024-1034. | The University of Manchester |
| 2020 | Mulliken | R. S. Mulliken | “The Assignment of Quantum Numbers for Electrons in Molecules. I,” Physical Review 1928, 32, 186-222. | New York University |
| 2017 | Mullis | R. K. Saiki, K. B. Mullis, H. A. Erlich | “Enzymatic Amplification of β-globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia,” Science 1985, 230, 1350-1354 | Cetus Corporation sold to Chiron Corporation in 1991. Chiron was acquired by Novartis International in 2006. |
| 2007 | Murphy | H. C. Urey, F. G. Brickwedde, and G. M. Murphy | “A Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2,” Phys. Rev. 1932, 39, 164-165. |
Columbia University and National Bureau of Standards |
| 2016 | Nicklen | F. Sanger, S. Nicklen, A. R. Coulson | “DNA Sequencing with Chain-Terminating Inhibitors,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 1977, 74, 5463-5467. | Medical Research Council, Cambridge, England |
| 2021 | Noyori | R. Noyori, T. Ohkuma, M. Kitamura, H. Takaya, N. Sayo, H. Kumobayashi, and S. Akutagawa |
“Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β-Keto Carboxylic Esters. A Practical, Purely Chemical Access to β-Hydroxy Esters in High Enantiomeric Purity,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109(10), 5856 - 5858. |
Nagoya University Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan Takasago International Corporation |
| 2018 | Nutt | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2015 | O'Brien | H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley | “C60: Buckminsterfullerene,” Nature 1985, 318, 162-163. | Rice University |
| 2021 | Ohkuma | R. Noyori, T. Ohkuma, M. Kitamura, H. Takaya, N. Sayo, H. Kumobayashi, and S. Akutagawa |
“Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β-Keto Carboxylic Esters. A Practical, Purely Chemical Access to β-Hydroxy Esters in High Enantiomeric Purity,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109(10), 5856 - 5858. |
Nagoya University Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan Takasago International Corporation |
| 2008 | Osborn | J. A. Osborn, F. H. Jardine, J. F. Young and G. Wilkinson | “The preparation and properties of tris(triphenylphosphine)halogeno-rhodium(I) and some reactions thereof including catalytic homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins and acetylenes and their derivatives” J. Chem. Soc. (A) 1966, 1711-1732. | Imperial College London |
| 2018 | Paleveda, Jr. | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2012 | Pasteur | L. Pasteur | “Mémoire sur la relation qui peut exister entre la forme cristalline de la composition chimique, et sur la cause de la polarisation rotatoire,” Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences, 1848, 26, 535 - 538. |
École normale supérieure, Paris |
| 2006 | Pauling | L. Pauling | The Nature of the Chemical Bond Cornell University Press, 1939. |
California Institute of Technology |
| 2017 | Pauling | Linus Pauling, Robert B. Corey, and H.R. Branson | “The Structure of Proteins: Two Hydrogen-Bonded Helical Configurations of the Polypeptide Chain,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 1951, 37, 205-2011 | California Institute of Technology |
| 2018 | Pauson | T. J. Kealy and P. L. Pauson | “A New Type of Organo-Iron Compound,” Nature (London) 1951, 168, 1039-1040. | Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA |
| 2009 | Pearson | R. G. Pearson | “Hard and Soft Acids and Bases,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 3533-3539. |
Northwestern University |
| 2020 | Perkin | William Henry Perkin | “Producing a new Coloring Matter for Dyeing with a Lilac or Purple Color Stuffs of Silk, Cotton, Wool, or other Materials,” Great Britain Patent No. 1984, August 26, 1856. | Imperial College London |
| 2016 | Pfaundler | L. Pfaundler | “Beitrag zur Chemischen Statik,” (Poggendorff) Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 1867, 131, 55-85. | Universität Innsbruck, Austria |
| 2006 | Plunkett | R. J. Plunkett | “Tetrafluoroethylene Polymers” U.S. Patent 2,230,654 (4 February 1941), assignor to Kinetic Chemicals, Inc. of Wilmington, DE. |
DuPont |
| 2019 | Polanyi | M. G. Evans and M. Polanyi | “Some Applications of the Transition State Method to the Calculation of Reaction Velocities, Especially in Solution,” Trans. Faraday Soc. 1935, 31, 875-894. | University of Manchester * |
| 2009 | Pound | E. M. Purcell, H. C. Torrey, and R. V. Pound |
“Resonance Absorption by Nuclear Magnetic Moments in a Solid,” Phys. Rev. 1946, 69, 37-38. |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University |
| 2009 | Purcell | E. M. Purcell, H. C. Torrey, and R. V. Pound |
“Resonance Absorption by Nuclear Magnetic Moments in a Solid,” Phys. Rev. 1946, 69, 37-38. |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University |
| 2020 | Ramsay | Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay | “Argon, a New Constituent of the Atmosphere,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, A 1895, 186A, 187-241. | The Royal Institution and University College London |
| 2011 | Randall | G. N. Lewis and M. Randall | “Thermodynamics and The Free Energy of Chemical Substances,” 1923. |
University of California, Berkeley |
| 2008 | Rao | H. C. Brown and B. C. S. Rao | “A New Technique for the Conversion of Olefins into Organoboranes and Related Alcohols,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 5694-5695. |
Purdue University |
| 2020 | Rayleigh | Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay | “Argon, a New Constituent of the Atmosphere,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, A 1895, 186A, 187-241. | The Royal Institution and University College London |
| 2016 | Reid | E. C. Anderson, W. F. Libby, S. Weinhouse, A. F. Reid, A. D. Kirshenbaum, and A. Grosse | “Radiocarbon from Cosmic Radiation,” Science 1947, 105, 576-577. | The University of Chicago |
| 2007 | Roberts | J. D. Roberts, H. E. Simmons, Jr., L. A. Carlsmith, and C. W. Vaughn | “Rearrangement in the Reaction of Chlorobenzene-1-C14 with Potassium Amide,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 3290-3291. |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| 2011 | Robinson | R. Robinson | “LXIII. - A Synthesis of Tropinone,” Journal of the Chemical Society, 1917, 762 - 768. |
University of Liverpool |
| 2022 | Rodebush | Wendell M. Latimer and Worth H. Rodebush | “Polarity and Ionization from the Standpoint of the Lewis Theory of Valence,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1920, 42, 1419 - 1433. | University of California, Berkeley |
| 2015 | Rogers-Low | D. Crowfoot, C. W. Bunn, B. W. Rogers-Low, A. Turner Jones | “The X-ray Crystallographic Investigation of the Structure of Penicillin,” in H.T. Clarke, J.R. Johnson, R. Robinson (editors), Chemistry of Penicillin, Princeton University Press, Chapter XI, pp. 310-366, 1949. | Oxford University |
| 2008 | Rohrer | G. Binnig and H. Rohrer | “Scanning Tunneling Microscope,” U.S. Patent 4,343,993 (10 August 1982), assignors to International Business Machines Corporation. |
IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland |
| 2006 | Rowland | M. J. Molina and F. S. Rowland | “Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone” Nature 1974, 249, 810-812. |
University of California, Irvine |
| 2012 | Rutherford | E. Rutherford | “LXXIX. The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom,” Philosophical Magazine, 1911, 21 [Series 6], 669 - 688. |
University of Manchester |
| 2017 | Saiki | R. K. Saiki, K. B. Mullis, H. A. Erlich | “Enzymatic Amplification of β-globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia,” Science 1985, 230, 1350-1354 | Cetus Corporation sold to Chiron Corporation in 1991. Chiron was acquired by Novartis International in 2006. |
| 2016 | Sanger | F. Sanger, S. Nicklen, A. R. Coulson | “DNA Sequencing with Chain-Terminating Inhibitors,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 1977, 74, 5463-5467. | Medical Research Council, Cambridge, England |
| 2021 | Sayo | R. Noyori, T. Ohkuma, M. Kitamura, H. Takaya, N. Sayo, H. Kumobayashi, and S. Akutagawa |
“Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β-Keto Carboxylic Esters. A Practical, Purely Chemical Access to β-Hydroxy Esters in High Enantiomeric Purity,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109(10), 5856 - 5858. |
Nagoya University Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan Takasago International Corporation |
| 2018 | Schoenewaldt | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2009 | Sela | M. Sela, F. H. White, Jr., and C. B. Anfinsen |
“Reductive Cleavage of Disulfide Bridges in Ribonuclease,” Science 1957, 125, 691-692. |
National Institutes of Health |
| 2008 | Sharpless | T. Katsuki and K. B. Sharpless | “The First Practical Method for Asymmetric Epoxidation,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 5974-5976. |
Stanford University |
| 2010 | Sheehan | J. C. Sheehan and K. R. Henery-Logan | “The Total Synthesis of Penicillin V,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 1262 - 1263. |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| 2021 | Shingu | Kenichi Fukui, Teijiro Yonezawa, and Haruo Shingu |
“A Molecular Orbital Theory of Reactivity in Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” The Journal of Chemical Physics 1952, 20, 722 - 725. |
Kyoto University |
| 2022 | Shirakawa | Hideki Shirakawa, Edwin J. Louis, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Chwan K. Chiang, and Alan J. Heeger | “Synthesis of Electrically Conducting Organic Polymers: Halogen Derivatives of Polyacetylene (CH)x,” J. Chem. Soc., Chemical Communications 1977, 578 - 580. | University of Pennsylvania |
| 2007 | Simmons | J. D. Roberts, H. E. Simmons, Jr., L. A. Carlsmith, and C. W. Vaughn | “Rearrangement in the Reaction of Chlorobenzene-1-C14 with Potassium Amide,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 3290-3291. |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| 2013 | Sinin | N. Sinin | “Beschreibung einiger neuer organischer Basen, dargestellt durch die Einwirkung des Schwefelwasserstoffe auf Versindungen der Kohlenwasserstoffe mit Untersalpetersäure,” Bulletin Scientifique publié par l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg, 1842, 10, 273-285. |
Kazan Federal University |
| 2016 | Slichter | H. Gutowsky, D. W. McCall, and C. P. Slichter | “Coupling among Nuclear Magnetic Dipoles in Molecules,” Physical Review, 1951, 84, 589-590. | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |
| 2015 | Smalley | H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley | “C60: Buckminsterfullerene,” Nature 1985, 318, 162-163. | Rice University |
| 2013 | Soddy | F. Soddy | “Intra-atomic Charge,” Nature, 1913 (4 December), 92, 399-400. |
University of Glasgow |
| 2018 | Sondey | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2018 | Strachan | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2013 | Stahl | M. Messelson and F. W. Stahl | “The Replication of DNA in Escherichia Coli,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1958, 44, 671-682. |
California Institute of Technology |
| 2009 | Staudinger | H. Staudinger | “Ketene, eine neue Körperklasse,” Chem. Ber. 1905, 38, 1735-1739. |
Université de Strasbourg |
| 2023 | Strassmann | O. Hahn and F. Strassmann | “Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle,” Naturwissenschaften 1939, 27, 11 - 15. | Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany |
| 2010 | Sumner | J. B. Sumner | “The Isolation and Crystallization of the Enzyme Urease,” J. Biol. Chem. 1926, 69, 435 - 441. |
Cornell University |
| 2021 | Takaya | R. Noyori, T. Ohkuma, M. Kitamura, H. Takaya, N. Sayo, H. Kumobayashi, and S. Akutagawa |
“Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β-Keto Carboxylic Esters. A Practical, Purely Chemical Access to β-Hydroxy Esters in High Enantiomeric Purity,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109(10), 5856 - 5858. |
Nagoya University Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan Takasago International Corporation |
| 2009 | Torrey | E. M. Purcell, H. C. Torrey, and R. V. Pound |
“Resonance Absorption by Nuclear Magnetic Moments in a Solid,” Phys. Rev. 1946, 69, 37-38. |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University |
| 2010 | Tswett | M. Tswett | “Adsorptionsanalyse und chromatographische Methode. Anwendung auf die Chemie des Chlorophylls,” Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 1906, 24, 384 - 393. |
Warsaw University |
| 2007 | Urey | H. C. Urey, F. G. Brickwedde, and G. M. Murphy | “A Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2,” Phys. Rev. 1932, 39, 164-165. |
Columbia University and National Bureau of Standards |
| 2014 | van der Waals | J. D. van der Waals | “DE CONTINUITEIT VAN DEN GAS-EN VLOEISTOFTOESTAND,” Ph.D. thesis, University of Leiden, 1873. |
University of Leiden |
| 2012 | van't Hoff | J. H. van't Hoff | “LES FORMULES DE STRUCTURE. DANS L'ESPACE,” Archives neerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles, 1874, 9, 445 - 454. |
University of Utrecht |
| 2018 | Varga | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2007 | Vaughn | J. D. Roberts, H. E. Simmons, Jr., L. A. Carlsmith, and C. W. Vaughn | “Rearrangement in the Reaction of Chlorobenzene-1-C14 with Potassium Amide,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 3290-3291. |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| 2018 | Veber | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2006 | Vennesland | H. F. Fisher, E. C. Conn, B. Vennesland, and F. H. Westheimer | “The Enzymatic Transfer of Hydrogen. I. The Reaction Catalyzed by Alcohol Dehydrogenase” J. Biol. Chem. 1953, 202, 687-697. |
The University of Chicago |
| 2018 | Vitali | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2010 | Walden | P. Walden | “Ueber die gegenseitige Umwandlung optischer Antipoden,” Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Gesell. 1896, 29, 133 - 138. |
Riga Technical University, Latvia |
| 2018 | Walton | R. Hirschmann, H. Barkemeyer, J. B. Conn, J. E. Deak, R. G. Denkewalter, R. S. Dewey, M. J. Dickinson, V. Garsky, F. W. Holly, T. A. Jacob, S. R. Jenkins, H. Joshua, T. Lanza, Jr., J. D. Milkowski, R. F. Nutt, W. J. Paleveda, Jr., E. F. Schoenewaldt, J. Sondey, R. G. Strachan, S. L. Varga, D. F. Veber, R. A. Vitali, E. Walton |
“Studies on the Total Synthesis of an Enzyme,” Parts I, II, III, IV, and V. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1969, 91, 502, 503; 505, 506, and 507. | Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Division of Merck & Co., Inc. |
| 2007 | Watson | J. D. Watson and F. H.Crick | “Molecular Structure Of Nucleic Acids, A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid,” Nature, 1953, 171, 737-738. |
Medical Research Council, Cambridge |
| 2016 | Weinhouse | E. C. Anderson, W. F. Libby, S. Weinhouse, A. F. Reid, A. D. Kirshenbaum, and A. Grosse | “Radiocarbon from Cosmic Radiation,” Science 1947, 105, 576-577. | The University of Chicago |
| 2007 | Werner | A. Werner | Neuere Anschauungen auf dem Gebiete der Anorganischen Chemie Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1905. |
University of Zurich |
| 2006 | Westheimer | H. F. Fisher, E. C. Conn, B. Vennesland, and F. H. Westheimer | “The Enzymatic Transfer of Hydrogen. I. The Reaction Catalyzed by Alcohol Dehydrogenase” J. Biol. Chem. 1953, 202, 687-697. |
The University of Chicago |
| 2009 | White | M. Sela, F. H. White, Jr., and C. B. Anfinsen |
“Reductive Cleavage of Disulfide Bridges in Ribonuclease,” Science 1957, 125, 691-692. |
National Institutes of Health |
| 2008 | Wilkinson | J. A. Osborn, F. H. Jardine, J. F. Young and G. Wilkinson | “The preparation and properties of tris(triphenylphosphine)halogeno-rhodium(I) and some reactions thereof including catalytic homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins and acetylenes and their derivatives” J. Chem. Soc. (A) 1966, 1711-1732. | Imperial College London |
| 2006 | Woodward | R. B. Woodward and R. Hoffmann | “Stereochemistry of Electrocyclic Reactions” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 395-397. |
Harvard University |
| 2008 | Young | J. A. Osborn, F. H. Jardine, J. F. Young and G. Wilkinson | “The preparation and properties of tris(triphenylphosphine)halogeno-rhodium(I) and some reactions thereof including catalytic homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins and acetylenes and their derivatives” J. Chem. Soc. (A) 1966, 1711-1732. | Imperial College London |
| 2021 | Yonezawa | Kenichi Fukui, Teijiro Yonezawa, and Haruo Shingu |
“A Molecular Orbital Theory of Reactivity in Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” The Journal of Chemical Physics 1952, 20, 722 - 725. |
Kyoto University |